ΠΟΡΦΥΡΙΟΣ ΤΥΡΙΟΣ

Ὅτι ποτ’ Ὁμήρῳ αἰνίττεται τὸ ἐν Ἰθάκῃ ἄντρον, ὃ διὰ τῶν ἐπῶν τούτων διαγράφει λέγων·

‘αὐτὰρ ἐπὶ κρατὸς λιμένος τανύφυλλος ἐλαίη,
ἀγχόθι δ’ αὐτῆς ἄντρον ἐπήρατον ἠεροειδές,
ἱερὸν νυμφάων αἳ νηιάδες καλέονται.
ἐν τῷ κρητῆρές τε καὶ ἀμφιφορῆες ἔασι
λάινοι· ἔνθα δ’ ἔπειτα τιθαιβώσσουσι μέλισσαι.
ἐν δ’ ἱστοὶ λίθεοι περιμήκεες, ἔνθα τε νύμφαι
φάρε’ ὑφαίνουσιν ἁλιπόρφυρα, θαῦμα ἰδέσθαι·
ἐν δ’ ὕδατ’ ἀενάοντα. δύω δέ τέ οἱ θύραι εἰσίν,
αἱ μὲν πρὸς βορέαο καταβαταὶ ἀνθρώποισιν,
αἱ δ’ αὖ πρὸς νότου εἰσὶ θεώτεραι· οὐδέ τι κείνῃ
ἄνδρες ἐσέρχονται, ἀλλ’ ἀθανάτων ὁδός ἐστιν.’

What does Homer obscurely signify by the cave in Ithaca, which he describes in the following verses?

‘High at the head a branching olive grows
And crowns the pointed cliffs with shady boughs.
A cavern pleasant, though involved in night,
Beneath it lies, the Naiades delight:
Where bowls and urns of workmanship divine
And massy beams in native marble shine;
On which the Nymphs amazing webs display,
Of purple hue and exquisite array,
The busy bees within the urns secure
Honey delicious, and like nectar pure.
Perpetual waters through the grotto glide,
A lofty gate unfolds on either side;
That to the north is pervious to mankind:
The sacred south t’immortals is consign’d’.

     Ὅτι μὲν οὐ καθ’ ἱστορίαν παρειληφὼς μνήμην τῶν παραδοθέντων πεποίηται, δηλοῦσιν οἱ τὰς περιηγήσεις τῆς νήσου γράψαντες, οὐδενὸς τοιούτου κατὰ τὴν νῆσον ἄντρου μνησθέντες, ὡς φησὶ Κρόνιος· ὅτι δὲ κατὰ ποιητικὴν ἐξουσίαν πλάσσων ἄντρον ἀπίθανος ἦν, εἰ τὸ προστυχὸν καὶ ὡς ἔτυχε πλάσας πείσειν ἤλπισεν ὡς ἐν τῇ Ἰθακησίᾳ γῇ ἀνήρ τις ἐτεχνήσατο ὁδοὺς τοῖς ἀνθρώποις καὶ θεοῖς, ἢ εἰ μὴ ἄνθρωπος, ἀλλ’ ἡ φύσις αὐτόθεν ἀπέδειξε κάθοδόν τε ἀνθρώποις πᾶσι καὶ πάλιν ἄλλην ὁδὸν τοῖς πᾶσι θεοῖς, δῆλον. Ἀνθρώπων γὰρ καὶ θεῶν ὁ πᾶς μὲν πλήρης κόσμος, τὸ δὲ Ἰθακήσιον ἄντρον πόρρω καθέστηκε τοῦ πείθειν ἐν αὐτῷ κατάβασιν εἶναι τῶν ἀνθρώπων καὶ ἀνάβασιν τῶν θεῶν.

     Τοιαῦτα τοίνυν ὁ Κρόνιος προειπὼν φησὶν ἔκδηλον εἶναι οὐ τοῖς σοφοῖς μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἰδιώταις ἀλληγορεῖν τι καὶ αἰνίττεσθαι διὰ τούτων τὸν ποιητήν, πολυπραγμονεῖν ἀναγκάζοντα τίς μὲν ἀνθρώπων πύλη, τίς δὲ θεῶν, καὶ τί βούλεται τὸ ἄντρον τοῦτο τὸ δίθυρον, ἱερὸν μὲν νυμφῶν εἰρημένον, τὸ δ’ αὐτὸ καὶ ἐπήρατον καὶ ἠεροειδές, οὐδαμῶς τοῦ σκοτεινοῦ ἐπηράτου ὄντος, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον φοβεροῦ· διὰ τί δὲ οὐχ ἁπλῶς νυμφῶν λέγεται ἱερόν, ἀλλὰ πρόσκειται εἰς ἀκρίβειαν τὸ ‘αἳ νηιάδες καλέονται’ τίς δὲ καὶ ἡ τῶν κρατήρων καὶ ἀμφιφορέων παράληψις, οὐδενὸς τῶν ἐγχεομένων αὐτοῖς παρειλημμένου, ἀλλ’ ὅτι ἐν αὐτοῖς ὡς ἐν σμήνεσι τιθαιβώσσουσι μέλισσαι.

     That the poet, indeed, does not narrate these particulars from historical information, is evident from this, that those who have given us a description of the island, have, as Cronius ¹ says, made no mention of such a cave being found in it. This likewise, says he, is manifest, that it would be absurd for Homer to expect, that in describing a cave fabricated merely by poetical license and thus artificially opening a path to Gods and men in the region of Ithaca, he should gain the belief of mankind. And it is equally absurd to suppose, that nature herself should point out, in this place, one path for the descent of all mankind, and again another path for all the Gods. For, indeed, the whole world is full of Gods and men; but it is impossible to be persuaded, that in the Ithacensian cave men descend, and Gods ascend.

     Cronius therefore, having premised this much, says, that it is evident, not only to the wise but also to the vulgar, that the poet, under the veil of allegory, conceals some mysterious signification; thus compelling others to explore what the gate of men is and also what is the gate of the Gods: what he means by asserting that this cave of the Nymphs has two gates; and why it is both pleasant and obscure, since darkness is by no means delightful, but is rather productive of aversion and horror. Likewise, what is the reason why it is not simply said to be the cave of the Nymphs, but it is accurately added, of the Nymphs which are called Naiades? Why also, is the cave represented as containing bowls and amphorae, when no mention is made of their receiving any liquor, but bees are said to deposit their honey in these vessels as in hives?

     Οἵ τε περιμήκεις ἱστοὶ ἔστωσαν ἀναθήματα ταῖς νύμφαις· ἀλλὰ τί μὴ ἐκ ξύλων ἢ ἄλλης ὕλης, λίθινοι δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ ὡς οἱ ἀμφιφορεῖς καὶ οἱ κρατῆρες; Καὶ τοῦτο μὲν ἧττον ἀσαφές· τὸ δ’ ἐν τοῖς λιθίνοις ἱστοῖς τούτοις τὰς νύμφας ὑφαίνειν ἁλιπόρφυρα φάρη, οὐκ ἰδέσθαι θαῦμα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀκοῦσαι. Τίς γὰρ ἂν πιστεύσαι θεὰς ἁλιπόρφυρα ἱμάτια ὑφαίνειν ἐν σκοτεινῷ ἄντρῳ ἐπὶ λιθίνων ἱστῶν, καὶ ταῦτα ὁρατὰ φάσκοντος εἶναι ἀκούων τὰ θεῶν ὑφάσματα καὶ ἁλουργῆ; Ἐφ’ οἷς καὶ τὸ δίθυρον εἶναι τὸ ἄντρον θαυμαστόν, τῶν μέν τινων ἀνθρώποις εἰς κατάβασιν πεποιημένων, τῶν δ’ αὖ πάλιν θεοῖς· καὶ ὅτι αἱ μὲν ἀνθρώποις πορεύσιμοι πρὸς βορρᾶν ἄνεμον τετράφθαι λέγονται, αἱ δὲ τοῖς θεοῖς πρὸς νότον, οὐ μικρᾶς οὔσης ἀπορίας δι’ ἣν αἰτίαν ἀνθρώποις μὲν τὰ βόρεια μέρη προσένειμε, τοῖς δ’ αὖ θεοῖς τὰ νότια, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἀνατολῇ καὶ δύσει πρὸς τοῦτο μᾶλλον κέχρηται, ὡς ἂν σχεδὸν πάντων τῶν ἱερῶν τὰ μὲν ἀγάλματα καὶ τὰς εἰσόδους ἐχόντων πρὸς ἀνατολὴν τετραμμένας, τῶν δὲ εἰσιόντων πρὸς δύσιν ἀφορώντων, ὅταν ἀντιπρόσωποι τῶν ἀγαλμάτων ἑστῶτες τοῖς θεοῖς τὰς λιτὰς καὶ θεραπείας προσάγωσι.

     Τοιούτων ἀσαφειῶν πλήρους ὄντος τοῦ διηγήματος πλάσμα μὲν ὡς ἔτυχεν εἰς ψυχαγωγίαν πεποιημένον μὴ εἶναι, ἀλλ’ οὐδ’ ἱστορίας τοπικῆς περιήγησιν ἔχειν, ἀλληγορεῖν δέ τι δι’ αὐτοῦ τὸν ποιητήν, προσθέντα μυστικῶς καὶ ἐλαίας φυτὸν πλησίον. Ἃ δὴ πάντα ἀνιχνεῦσαι καὶ ἀναπτύξαι ἔργον καὶ τοὺς παλαιοὺς νομίσαι καὶ ἡμᾶς μετ’ ἐκείνων τε καὶ τὰ καθ’ ἑαυτοὺς πειρᾶσθαι νῦν ἀνευρίσκειν.

     Then, again, why are oblong beams adapted to weaving placed here for the Nymphs; and these not formed from wood, or any other pliable matter, but from stone, as well as the amphorae and bowls? Which last circumstance is, indeed, less obscure; but that, on these stony beams, the Nymphs should weave purple garments, is not only wonderful to the sight, but also to the auditory sense. For who would believe that Goddesses weave garments in a cave involved in darkness, and on stony beams; especially while he hears the poet asserting, that the purple webs of the Goddesses were visible. In addition to these things likewise, this is admirable, that the cave should have a twofold entrance; one made for the descent of men, but the other for the ascent of Gods. And again that the gate, which is pervious by men, should be said to be turned against the north wind, but the portal of the Gods to the south; and why the poet did not rather make use of the west and the east for this purpose, since nearly all temples have their statues and entrances turned towards the east; but those who enter them look towards the west, when standing with their faces turned towards the statues they honour and worship the Gods.

     Hence, since this narration is full of such obscurities it can neither be a fiction casually devised for the purpose of procuring delight, nor an exposition of a topical history; but something allegorical must be indicated in it by the poet who likewise mystically places an olive near the cave. All which particulars the ancients thought very laborious to investigate and unfold; and we, with their assistance, shall now endeavour to develop the secret meaning of the allegory.

     Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς ἐγχωρίου ἱστορίας ῥᾳθυμότερον φαίνονται ἀναγράψαντες ὅσοι τέλεον ᾠήθησαν πλάσμα εἶναι τοῦ ποιητοῦ τό τε ἄντρον καὶ ὅσα περὶ τούτου ἀφηγήσατο· οἱ δὲ τὰς γεωγραφίας ἀναγράψαντες, ὧν ἄριστα καὶ ἀκριβέστατα καὶ ὁ Ἐφέσιος Ἀρτεμίδωρος ἐν τῷ πέμπτῳ τῆς εἰς ἕνδεκα συνηγμένης αὐτῷ πραγματείας γράφει ταῦτα· ‘τῆς δὲ Κεφαληνίας ἀπὸ Πανόρμου λιμένος πρὸς ἀνατολὴν ἀπέχουσα δώδεκα στάδια νῆσός ἐστιν Ἰθάκη σταδίων ὀγδοήκοντα πέντε, στενὴ καὶ μετέωρος, λιμένα ἔχουσα καλούμενον Φόρκυνος· ἔστι δ’ αἰγιαλὸς ἐν αὐτῷ· ἐκεῖ νυμφῶν ἱερὸν ἄντρον, οὗ λέγεται τὸν Ὀδυσσέα ὑπὸ τῶν Φαιάκων ἐκβιβασθῆναι’.

     Πλάσμα μὲν οὖν Ὁμηρικὸν παντελῶς οὐκ ἂν εἴη· εἴτε δ’ οὕτως ἔχον ἀφηγήσατο εἴτε καὶ αὐτός τινα προσέθηκεν, οὐδὲν ἧττον μένει τὰ ζητήματα τὴν βούλησιν ἢ τῶν καθιδρυσαμένων ἢ τοῦ προσθέντος ποιητοῦ ἀνιχνεύοντι, ὡς ἂν μήτε τῶν παλαιῶν ἄνευ συμβόλων μυστικῶν τὰ ἱερὰ καθιδρυσαμένων μήτε Ὁμήρου ὡς ἔτυχε τὰ περὶ τούτων ἀφηγουμένου. Ὅσῳ δ’ ἄν τις μὴ Ὁμήρου πλάσμα ἐγχειρῇ τὰ κατὰ τὸ ἄντρον δεικνύναι, τῶν δὲ πρὸ Ὁμήρου θεοῖς τοῦτο καθιερωσάντων, τοσούτῳ τῆς παλαιᾶς σοφίας πλῆρες τὸ ἀνάθημα εὑρεθήσεται καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἄξιον ἐρεύνης καὶ τῆς ἐν αὐτῷ συμβολικῆς καθιδρύσεως δεόμενον τῆς παραστάσεως.

     Those persons, therefore, appear to have written very negligently about the situation of the place, who think that the cave, and what is narrated concerning it, are nothing more than a notion of the poet. But the best and most accurate writers of geography, and among these Artemidorus the Ephesian, in the fifth book of his work, which consists of eleven books, thus writes: “The island of Ithaca, containing an extent of eighty-five stadia ², is distant from Panormus, a port of Cephalenia, about twelve stadia. It has a port named Phorcys, in which there is a shore, and on that shore a cave, in which the Phaeacians are reported to have placed Ulysses”.

     This cave, therefore, will not be entirely an Homeric fiction. But whether the poet describes it as it really is, or whether he has added something to it of his own invention, nevertheless the same inquiries remain; whether the intention of the poet is investigated, or of those who founded the cave. For, neither did the ancients establish temples without fabulous symbols, nor does Homer rashly narrate the particulars pertaining to things of this kind. But how much the more anyone endeavours to show that this description of the cave is not an Homeric fiction, but prior to Homer was consecrated to the Gods, by so much the more will this consecrated cave be found to be full of ancient wisdom. And on this account it deserves to be investigated, and it is requisite that its symbolical consecration should be amply unfolded into light.

     Ἄντρα μὲν δὴ ἐπιεικῶς οἱ παλαιοὶ καὶ σπήλαια τῷ κόσμῳ καθιέρουν καθ’ ὅλον τε αὐτὸν καὶ κατὰ μέρη λαμβάνοντες, σύμβολον μὲν τῆς ὕλης ἐξ ἧς ὁ κόσμος τὴν γῆν παραδιδόντες (διό τινες καὶ αὐτόθεν τὴν ὕλην τὴν γῆν εἶναι ἐτίθεντο), τὸν δὲ ἐκ τῆς ὕλης γινόμενον κόσμον διὰ τῶν ἄντρων παριστῶντες, ὅτι τε ὡς ἐπὶ πολὺ αὐτοφυῆ τὰ ἄντρα καὶ συμφυῆ τῇ γῇ ὑπὸ πέτρας περιεχόμενα μονοειδοῦς, ἧς τὰ μὲν ἔνδον κοῖλα, τὰ δ’ ἔξω εἰς τὸ ἀπεριόριστον τῆς γῆς ἀνεῖται· αὐτοφυὴς δὲ ὁ κόσμος καὶ [αὐτοσυμφυὴς] προσπεφυκὼς τῇ ὕλῃ, ἣν λίθον καὶ πέτραν διὰ τὸ ἀργὸν καὶ ἀντίτυπον πρὸς τὸ εἶδος εἶναι ᾐνίττοντο, ἄπειρον κατὰ τὴν αὐτῆς ἀμορφίαν τιθέντες.

     Ῥευστῆς δ’ οὔσης αὐτῆς καὶ τοῦ εἴδους δι’ οὗ μορφοῦται καὶ φαίνεται καθ’ ἑαυτὴν ἐστερημένης, τὸ ἔνυδρον καὶ ἔνικμον τῶν ἄντρων καὶ σκοτεινὸν καὶ ὡς ὁ ποιητὴς ἔφη ἠεροειδὲς οἰκείως ἐδέξαντο εἰς σύμβολον τῶν προσόντων τῷ κόσμῳ διὰ τὴν ὕλην. Διὰ μὲν οὖν τὴν ὕλην ἠεροειδὴς καὶ σκοτεινὸς ὁ κόσμος, διὰ δὲ τὴν τοῦ εἴδους συμπλοκὴν καὶ διακόσμησιν, ἀφ’ οὗ καὶ κόσμος ἐκλήθη, καλός τέ ἐστι καὶ ἐπέραστος. Ὅθεν οἰκείως ἐπ’ αὐτοῦ ἂν ῥηθείη ἄντρον ἐπήρατον μὲν τῷ εὐθὺς ἐντυγχάνοντι διὰ τὴν τῶν εἰδῶν μέθεξιν, ἠεροειδὲς δὲ σκοποῦντι τὴν ὑποβάθραν αὐτοῦ καὶ εἰς αὐτὴν εἰσιόντι τῷ νῷ· ὥστε τὰ μὲν ἔξω καὶ ἐπιπολαίως ἐπήρατα, τὰ δ’ ἔνδον καὶ ἐν βάθει ἠεροειδῆ.

     The ancients, indeed, very properly consecrated a cave to the world, whether assumed collectively, according to the whole of itself, or separately, according to its parts. Hence they considered earth as a symbol of that matter of which the world consists; on which account some thought that matter and earth are the same; through the cave indicating the world, which was generated from matter. For caves are, for the most part, spontaneous productions, and connascent with the earth, being comprehended by one uniform mass of stone; the interior parts of which are concave, but the exterior parts are extended over an indefinite portion of land. And the world being spontaneously produced (i.e., being produced by no external, but from an internal cause), and being also self-adherent, is allied to matter; which, according to a secret signification, is denominated a stone and a rock, on account of its sluggish and repercussive nature with respect to form; the ancients, at the same time, asserting that matter is infinite through its privation of form.

     Since, however, it is continually flowing, and is of itself destitute of the supervening investments of form, through which it participates of morphe ³, and becomes visible, the flowing waters, darkness, or, as the poet says, obscurity of the cavern. were considered by the ancients as apt symbols of what the world contains, on account of the matter with which it is connected. Through matter, therefore, the world is obscure and dark; but through the connecting power, and orderly distribution of form, from which also it is called world, it is beautiful and delightful. Hence it may very properly be denominated a cave; as being lovely, indeed, to him who first enters into it, through its participation of forms, but obscure to him who surveys its foundation and examines it with an intellectual eye. So that its exterior and superficial parts, indeed, are pleasant, but its interior and profound parts are obscure (and its very bottom is darkness itself).

     Οὕτω καὶ Πέρσαι τὴν εἰς κάτω κάθοδον τῶν ψυχῶν καὶ πάλιν ἔξοδον μυσταγωγοῦντες τελοῦσι τὸν μύστην, ἐπονομάσαντες σπήλαιον τὸν τόπον· πρώτου μέν, ὡς ἔφη Εὔβουλος, Ζωροάστρου αὐτοφυὲς σπήλαιον ἐν τοῖς πλησίον ὄρεσι τῆς Περσίδος ἀνθηρὸν καὶ πηγὰς ἔχον ἀνιερώσαντος εἰς τιμὴν τοῦ πάντων ποιητοῦ καὶ πατρὸς Μίθρου, εἰκόνα φέροντος αὐτῷ τοῦ σπηλαίου τοῦ κόσμου, ὃν ὁ Μίθρας ἐδημιούργησε, τῶν δ’ ἐντὸς κατὰ συμμέτρους ἀποστάσεις σύμβολα φερόντων τῶν κοσμικῶν στοιχείων καὶ κλιμάτων· μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον τὸν Ζωροάστρην κρατήσαντος καὶ παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις, δι’ ἄντρων καὶ σπηλαίων εἴτ’ οὖν αὐτοφυῶν εἴτε χειροποιήτων τὰς τελετὰς ἀποδιδόναι.

     Ὡς γὰρ τοῖς μὲν Ὀλυμπίοις θεοῖς ναούς τε καὶ ἕδη καὶ βωμοὺς ἱδρύσαντο, χθονίοις δὲ καὶ ἥρωσιν ἐσχάρας, ὑποχθονίοις δὲ βόθρους καὶ μέγαρα, οὕτω καὶ τῷ κόσμῳ ἄντρα τε καὶ σπήλαια, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ταῖς νύμφαις διὰ τὰ ἐν ἄντροις καταλειβόμενα ἢ ἀναδιδόμενα ὕδατα, ὧν αἱ ναΐδες, ὡς μετ’ ὀλίγον ἐπέξιμεν, προεστήκασι νύμφαι. Οὐ μόνον δ’, ὡς φαμέν, κόσμου σύμβολον ἤτοι γενητοῦ αἰσθητοῦ τὸ ἄντρον ἐποιοῦντο, ἀλλ’ ἤδη καὶ πασῶν τῶν ἀοράτων δυνάμεων τὸ ἄντρον ἐν συμβόλῳ παρελάμβανον διὰ τὸ σκοτεινὰ μὲν εἶναι τὰ ἄντρα, ἀφανὲς δὲ τὸ τῶν δυνάμεων οὐσιῶδες. Οὕτω καὶ ὁ Κρόνος ἐν τῷ Ὠκεανῷ αὑτῷ ἄντρον κατασκευάζει κἀκεῖ κρύπτει τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ παῖδας· ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ ἡ Δημήτηρ ἐν ἄντρῳ τρέφει τὴν Κόρην μετὰ νυμφῶν, καὶ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα πολλὰ εὑρήσει τις ἐπιὼν τὰ τῶν θεολόγων.

     Thus also the Persians, mystically signifying the descent of the soul into the sublunary regions, and its regression from it, initiate the mystic (or him who is admitted to the arcane sacred rites) in a place which they denominate a cavern. For, as Eubulus says, Zoroaster was the first who consecrated in the neighbouring mountains of Persia, a spontaneously produced cave, florid, and having fountains, in honour of Mithra, the maker and father of all things; a cave, according to Zoroaster, bearing a resemblance of the world, which was fabricated by Mithra. But the things contained in the cavern being arranged according to commensurate intervals, were symbols of the mundane elements and climates. After this Zoroaster likewise, it was usual with others to perform the rites pertaining to the mysteries in caverns and dens, whether spontaneously produced, or made by the hands.

     For as they established temples, groves, and altars to the celestial Gods, but to the terrestrial Gods, and to heroes, altars alone, and to the subterranean divinities pits and cells; so to the world they dedicated caves and dens; as likewise to Nymphs ⁴, on account of the water which trickles, or is diffused in caverns, over which the Naiades, as we shall shortly observe, preside. Not only, however, did the ancients make a cavern,as we have.said, to be a symbol of the world, or of a generated and sensible nature: but they also assumed it as a symbol of all invisible powers; because as caverns are obscure and dark, so the essence of these powers is occult. Hence Saturn fabricated a cavern in the ocean itself and concealed in it his children. Thus, too, Ceres educated Proserpine with her Nymphs in a cave; and many other particulars of this kind may be found in the writings of theologists.

     Ὅτι δὲ καὶ ταῖς νύμφαις ἀνετίθεσαν ἄντρα καὶ τούτων μάλιστα ταῖς ναΐσιν, αἳ ἐπὶ πηγῶν εἰσὶ κἀκ τῶν ὑδάτων, ἀφ’ ὧν αἱ ῥοαί, ναΐδες ἐκαλοῦντο, δηλοῖ καὶ ὁ εἰς Ἀπόλλωνα ὕμνος, ἐν ᾧ λέγεται ‘σοὶ δ’ ἄρα πηγὰς νοερῶν ὑδάτων τέμον ἄντροις μίμνουσαι γαίης ἀτιταλλόμεναι πνεύματι μούσης θέσπιν ἐς ὀμφήν· ταὶ δ’ ὑπὲρ οὖδας διὰ πάντα νάη ῥήξασαι παρέχουσι βροτοῖς γλυκερῶν ῥείθρων ἀλιπεῖς προχοάς’. Ἀφ’ ὧν οἶμαι ὁρμώμενοι καὶ οἱ Πυθαγόρειοι καὶ μετὰ τούτους Πλάτων ἄντρον καὶ σπήλαιον τὸν κόσμον ἀπεφήναντο. Παρά τε γὰρ Ἐμπεδοκλεῖ αἱ ψυχοπομποὶ δυνάμεις λέγουσιν

‘ἠλύθομεν τόδ’ ὑπ’ ἄντρον ὑπόστεγον,’

     παρά τε Πλάτωνι ἐν τῷ ἑβδόμῳ τῆς Πολιτείας λέγεται ‘δὲ γὰρ ἀνθρώπους οἷον ἐν κατωγείῳ ἄντρῳ καὶ οἰκήσει σπηλαιώδει ἀναπεπταμένῃ πρὸς φῶς, τὴν εἴσοδον ἐχούσῃ μακρὰν παρ’ ἅπαν τὸ σπήλαιον’. Εἶτα εἰπόντος τοῦ προσδιαλεγομένου ‘ἄτοπον λέγεις εἰκόνα’, ἐπάγει ‘τὴν εἰκόνα, ὦ φίλε Γλαύκων, προσαπτέον πᾶσι τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν λεγομένοις, τὴν μὲν δι’ ὄψεως φαινομένην ἕδραν τῇ τοῦ δεσμωτηρίου οἰκήσει ἀφομοιοῦντα, τὸ δὲ τοῦ πυρὸς φῶς τῇ τοῦ ἡλίου δυνάμει’.

     But that the ancients dedicated caverns to Nymphs and especially to Naiades, who dwell, near fountains, and who are called Naiades from the streams over which they preside, is manifest from the hymn to Apollo, in which it is said: ‘The Nymphs residing in caves shall deduce fountains of intellectual waters to thee (according to the divine voice of the Muses), which are the progeny of a terrene spirit. Hence waters, bursting through every river, shall exhibit to mankind perpetual effusions of sweet streams’ ⁵. From hence, as it appears to me. the Pythagoreans, and after them Plato, showed that the world is a cavern and a den. For the powers which are the leaders of souls, thus speak in a verse of Empedocles:

‘Now at this secret cavern we’re arrived’.

     And by Plato, in the seventh book of his Republic, it is said, “Behold men as if dwelling in a subterraneous cavern, and in a denlike habitation, whose entrance is widely expanded to the admission of the light through the whole cave”. But when the other person in the dialogue says: “You adduce an unusual and wonderful similitude”, he replies, “The whole of this image, friend Glauco, must be adapted to what has been before said, assimilating this receptacle, which is visible through the sight to the habitation of a prison; but the light of the fire which is in it to the power of the sun”.

     Ὅτι μὲν οὖν σύμβολον κόσμου τὰ ἄντρα καὶ τῶν ἐγκοσμίων δυνάμεων ἐτίθεντο οἱ θεολόγοι, διὰ τούτων δεδήλωται· ἤδη δὲ καὶ ὅτι τῆς νοητῆς οὐσίας εἴρηται, ἐκ διαφόρων μέντοι καὶ οὐ τῶν αὐτῶν ἐννοιῶν ὁρμώμενοι. Τοῦ μὲν γὰρ αἰσθητοῦ κόσμου διὰ τὸ σκοτεινὰ εἶναι τὰ ἄντρα καὶ πετρώδη καὶ δίυγρα, τοιοῦτον δ’ εἶναι τὸν κόσμον διὰ τὴν ὕλην ἐξ ἧς συνέστηκεν ὁ κόσμος, καὶ ἀντίτυπον καὶ ῥευστὸν ἐτίθεντο· τοῦ δ’ αὖ νοητοῦ διὰ τὸ ἀφανὲς αἰσθήσει καὶ στερρὸν καὶ βέβαιον τῆς οὐσίας· οὑτωσὶ δὲ καὶ τῶν μερικῶν ἀφανῶν δυνάμεων, καὶ μᾶλλόν γε ἐπὶ τούτων τῶν ἐνύλων.

     Κατὰ γὰρ τὸ αὐτοφυὲς τὸ τῶν ἄντρων καὶ νύχιον καὶ σκοτεινὸν καὶ πέτρινον ἐποιοῦντο τὰ σύμβολα· οὐκέτι μὴν πάντως καὶ κατὰ σχῆμα, ὥς τινες ὑπενόουν, ὅτι μηδὲ πᾶν ἄντρον σφαιροειδές, διπλοῦ δ’ ὄντος ἄντρου, ὡς καὶ τὸ παρ’ Ὁμήρῳ δίθυρον, οὐκέτι τοῦτο ἐπὶ τῆς νοητῆς, ἀλλὰ τῆς αἰσθητῆς παρελάμβανον οὐσίας, ὡς καὶ τὸ νῦν παραληφθὲν διὰ τὸ ἔχειν, ὡς φησίν, ‘ὕδατα ἀενάοντα’ οὐκ ἂν εἴη τῆς νοητῆς ὑποστάσεως, ἀλλὰ τῆς ἐνύλου φέρον οὐσίας σύμβολον. Διὸ καὶ ἱερὸν νυμφῶν οὐκ ὀρεστιάδων οὐδὲ ἀκραίων ἤ τινων τοιούτων, ἀλλὰ ναΐδων, αἳ ἀπὸ τῶν ναμάτων οὕτω κέκληνται.

     That theologists therefore considered caverns as symbols of the world, and of mundane powers, is through this, maiifest. And it has been already observed by us, that they also considered a cave as a symbol of the intelligible essence; being impelled to do so by different and not the same conceptions. For they were of opinion that a cave is a symbol of the sensible world because caverns are dark, stony, and humid; and they asserted that the world is a thing of this kind, through the matter of which it consists, and through its repercussive and flowing nature. But they thought it to be a symbol of the intelligible world, because that world is invisible to sensible perception, and possesses a firm and stable essence. Thus, also, partial powers are unapparent, and especially those which are inherent in matter.

     For they formed these symbols, from surveying the spontaneous production of caves, and their nocturnal, dark, and stony nature; and not entirely, as some suspect, from directing their attention to the figure of a cavern. For every cave is not spherical, as is evident from this Homeric cave with a twofold entrance. But since a cavern has a twofold similitude, the present cave must not be assumed as an image of the intelligible but of the sensible essence. For in consequence of containing perpetually flowing streams of water, it will not be a symbol of an intelligible hypostasis, but of a material essence. On this account also it is sacred to Nymphs, not the mountain or rural Nymphs, or others of the like kind, but to the Naiades, who are thus denominated from streams of water.

     Νύμφας δὲ ναΐδας λέγομεν καὶ τὰς τῶν ὑδάτων προεστώσας δυνάμεις ἰδίως, ἔλεγον δὲ καὶ τὰς εἰς γένεσιν κατιούσας ψυχὰς κοινῶς ἁπάσας. Ἡγοῦντο γὰρ προσιζάνειν τῷ ὕδατι τὰς ψυχὰς θεοπνόῳ ὄντι, ὡς φησὶν ὁ Νουμήνιος, διὰ τοῦτο λέγων καὶ τὸν προφήτην εἰρηκέναι ἐμφέρεσθαι ἐπάνω τοῦ ὕδατος θεοῦ πνεῦμα· τούς τε Αἰγυπτίους διὰ τοῦτο τοὺς δαίμονας ἅπαντας οὐχ ἱστάναι ἐπὶ στερεοῦ, ἀλλὰ πάντας ἐπὶ πλοίου, καὶ τὸν Ἥλιον καὶ ἁπλῶς πάντας· οὕστινας εἰδέναι χρὴ τὰς ψυχὰς ἐπιποτωμένας τῷ ὑγρῷ τὰς εἰς γένεσιν κατιούσας.

     Ὅθεν καὶ Ἡράκλειτον ψυχῇσι φάναι τέρψιν μὴ θάνατον ὑγρῇσι γενέσθαι, τέρψιν δὲ εἶναι αὐταῖς τὴν εἰς τὴν γένεσιν πτῶσιν, καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ δὲ φάναι ζῆν ἡμᾶς τὸν ἐκείνων θάνατον καὶ ζῆν ἐκείνας τὸν ἡμέτερον θάνατον. Παρὸ καὶ διεροὺς τοὺς ἐν γενέσει ὄντας καλεῖν τὸν ποιητὴν τοὺς διύγρους τὰς ψυχὰς ἔχοντας. Αἷμά τε γὰρ ταύταις καὶ ὁ δίυγρος γόνος φίλος, ταῖς δὲ τῶν φυτῶν τροφὴ τὸ ὕδωρ. Διαβεβαιοῦνται δέ τινες καὶ τὰ ἐν ἀέρι καὶ οὐρανῷ ἀτμοῖς τρέφεσθαι ἐκ ναμάτων καὶ ποταμῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἀναθυμιάσεων· τοῖς δ’ ἀπὸ τῆς στοᾶς ἥλιον μὲν τρέφεσθαι ἐκ τῆς ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάσσης ἀναθυμιάσεως ἐδόκει, σελήνην δ’ ἐκ τῶν πηγαίων καὶ ποταμίων ὑδάτων, τὰ δ’ ἄστρα ἐκ τῆς ἀπὸ γῆς ἀναθυμιάσεως. Καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἄναμμα μὲν νοερὸν εἶναι τὸν ἥλιον ἐκ θαλάσσης, τὴν δὲ σελήνην ἐκ ποταμίων ὑδάτων, τοὺς δ’ ἀστέρας ἐξ ἀναθυμιάσεως τῆς ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς.

     For we peculiarly call the Naiades, and the powers that preside over waters, Nymphs; and this term also, is commonly applied to all souls descending into generation. For the ancients thought that these souls are incumbent on water which is inspired by divinity, as Numenius says, who adds, that on this account, a prophet asserts, that the Spirit of God moved on the waters. The Egyptians likewise, on this account, represent all daemons and also the sun, and, in short, all the planets ⁶, not standing on anything solid, but on a sailing vessel; for souls descending into generation fly to moisture.

     Hence also, Heraclitus says, that moisture appears delightful and not deadly to souls; but the lapse into generation is delightful to them. And in another place (speaking of unembodied souls), he says, “We live their death, and we die their life”. Hence the poet calls those that are in generation humid, because they have souls which are profoundly steeped in moisture. On this account, such souls delight in blood and humid seed; but water is the nutriment of the souls of plants. Some likewise are of opinion, that the bodies in the air, and in the heavens, are nourished by vapours from fountains and rivers, and other exhalations. But the Stoics assert, that the sun is nourished by the exhalation from the sea; the moon from the vapours of fountains and river; and the stars from the exhalation of the earth. Hence, according to them, the sun is an intellectual composition formed from the sea; the moon from the river waters and the stars from terrene exhalations.

     Ἀνάγκη τοίνυν καὶ τὰς ψυχὰς ἤτοι σωματικὰς οὔσας ἢ ἀσωμάτους μέν, ἐφελκομένας δὲ σῶμα, καὶ μάλιστα τὰς μελλούσας καταδεῖσθαι εἴς τε αἷμα καὶ δίυγρα σώματα ῥέπειν πρὸς τὸ ὑγρὸν καὶ σωματοῦσθαι ὑγρανθείσας. Διὸ καὶ χολῆς καὶ αἵματος ἐκχύσει προτρέπεσθαι τὰς τῶν τεθνηκότων, καὶ τάς γε φιλοσωμάτους ὑγρὸν τὸ πνεῦμα ἐφελκομένας παχύνειν τοῦτο ὡς νέφος· ὑγρὸν γὰρ ἐν ἀέρι παχυνθὲν νέφος συνίσταται· παχυνθέντος δ’ ἐν αὐταῖς τοῦ πνεύματος ὑγροῦ πλεονασμῷ ὁρατὰς γίνεσθαι.

     Καὶ ἐκ τῶν τοιούτων αἳ συναντῶσί τισι κατὰ φαντασίαν χρώζουσαι τὸ πνεῦμα εἰδώλων ἐμφάσεις, αἱ μέντοι καθαραὶ γενέσεως ἀπότροποι. Αὐτὸς δέ φησιν Ἡράκλειτος ‘ξηρὰ ψυχὴ σοφωτάτη’. Διὸ κἀνταῦθα κατὰ τὰς τῆς μίξεως ἐπιθυμίας δίυγρον καὶ νοτερώτερον γίνεσθαι τὸ πνεῦμα, ἀτμὸν ἐφελκομένης δίυγρον τῆς ψυχῆς ἐκ τῆς πρὸς τὴν γένεσιν νεύσεως. Ναΐδες οὖν νύμφαι αἱ εἰς γένεσιν ἰοῦσαι ψυχαί. Ὅθεν καὶ τὰς γαμουμένας ἔθος ὡς ἂν εἰς γένεσιν συνεζευγμένας νύμφας τε καλεῖν καὶ λουτροῖς καταχεῖν ἐκ πηγῶν ἢ ναμάτων ἢ κρηνῶν ἀενάων εἰλημμένοις.

     It is necessary, therefore, that souls, whether they are corporeal or incorporeal, while they attract to themselves body, and especially such as are about to be bound to blood and moist bodies, should verge to humidity, and be corporalised, in consequence of being drenched in moisture. Hence the souls of the dead are evocated by the effusion of bile and blood; and souls that are lovers of body, by attracting a moist spirit, condense this humid vehicle like a cloud. For moisture condensed in the air constitutes a cloud. But the pneumatic vehicle being condensed in these souls, becomes visible through an excess of moisture.

     And among the number of these we must reckon those apparitions of images, which, from a spirit coloured by the influence of imagination, present themselves to mankind. But pure souls are averse from generation; so that, as Heraclitus says, “a dry soul is the wisest”. Hence, here also the spirit becomes moist and more aqueous through the desire of generation, the soul thus attracting a humid vapour from verging to generation. Souls, therefore, proceeding into generation are the nymphs called naiades. Hence it is usual to call those that are married nymphs, as being conjoined to generation, and to pour water into baths from fountains, or rivers, or perpetual rills.

     Ἀλλὰ ψυχαῖς μὲν τελουμέναις εἰς φύσιν καὶ γενεθλίοις δαίμοσιν ἱερός τε ὁ κόσμος καὶ ἐπέραστος καίπερ σκοτεινὸς ὢν φύσει καὶ ἠεροειδής· ἀφ’ οὗ καὶ αὗται ἀερώδεις καὶ ἐξ ἀέρος ἔχειν τὴν οὐσίαν ὑπωπτεύθησαν. Διὰ τοῦτο δὲ καὶ οἰκεῖον αὐταῖς ἱερὸν ἐπὶ γῆς ἂν εἴη ἄντρον ἐπήρατον ἠεροειδὲς κατ’ εἰκόνα τοῦ κόσμου, ἐν ᾧ ὡς μεγίστῳ ἱερῷ αἱ ψυχαὶ διατρίβουσι. Νύμφαις τε ὑδάτων προστάτισιν οἰκεῖον τὸ ἄντρον, ἔνθ’ ὕδατ’ ἀενάοντα ἔνεστιν. Ἀνακείσθω δὴ τὸ προκείμενον ἄντρον ψυχαῖς καὶ ταῖς μερικωτέραις ἐν δυνάμεσι νύμφαις, αἳ ναμάτων καὶ πηγῶν προεστῶσαι πηγαῖαί τε καὶ ναΐδες διὰ τοῦτο κέκληνται. Τίνα οὖν ἡμῖν διάφορα σύμβολα, τὰ μὲν πρὸς τὰς ψυχὰς ἀναφερόμενα, τὰ δὲ πρὸς τὰς ἐν ὕδασι δυνάμεις, ἵνα κοινὸν ἀμφοτέραις καθιερῶσθαι τὸ ἄντρον ὑπολάβωμεν;

     Σύμβολα δὴ ἔστω ὑδριάδων νυμφῶν οἱ λίθινοι κρατῆρες καὶ ἀμφιφορεῖς. Διονύσου μὲν γὰρ σύμβολα ταῦτα, ἀλλ’ ὄντα κεραμεᾶ, τοῦτ’ ἔστιν ἐκ γῆς ὠπτημένα· ταῦτα γὰρ φίλα τῇ παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ δωρεᾷ τῆς ἀμπέλου, ἐπεὶ ἀπὸ πυρὸς οὐρανίου πεπαίνεται ταύτης ὁ καρπός. Λίθινοι δὲ κρατῆρες καὶ ἀμφιφορεῖς ταῖς προεστώσαις τοῦ ἐκ πετρῶν ἐξιόντος ὕδατος νύμφαις οἰκειότατοι· ψυχαῖς δὲ εἰς γένεσιν κατιούσαις καὶ σωματουργίαν τί ἂν εἴη οἰκειότερον σύμβολον τούτων; διὸ καὶ ἀπετόλμησεν εἰπεῖν ὁ ποιητὴς ὅτι ἐν τούτοις

‘φάρε’ ὑφαίνουσιν ἁλιπόρφυρα, θαῦμα ἰδέσθαι’.

     This world, then, is sacred and pleasant to souls wno nave now proceeded into nature, and to natal daemons, though it is essentially dark and obscure; from which some have suspected that souls also are of an obscure nature and essentially consist of air. Hence a cavern, which is both pleasant and dark, will be appropriately consecrated to souls on the earth, conformably to its similitude to the world, in which, as in the greatest of all temples, souls reside. To the nymphs likewise, who preside over waters, a cavern, in which there are perpetually flowing streams, is adapted. Let, therefore, this present cavern be consecrated to souls, and among the more partial powers, to nymphs that preside over streams and fountains, and who, on this account, are called fontal and naiades. What, therefore, are the different symbols, some of which are adapted to souls, but others to the aquatic powers, in order that we may apprehend that this cavern is consecrated in common to both?

     Let the stony bowls, then, and the amphorae be symbols of the aquatic nymphs. For these are, indeed, the symbols of Bacchus, but their composition is fictile, i.e., consists of baked earth, and these are friendly to the vine, the gift of God; since the fruit of the vine is brought to a proper maturity by the celestial fire of the sun. But the stony bowls and amphorae are in the most eminent degree adapted to the nymphs who preside over the water that flows from rocks. And to souls that descend into generation and are occupied in corporeal energies, what symbol can be more appropriate than those instruments pertaining to weaving? Hence, also, the poet ventures to say,

‘that on these, the nymphs weave purple webs, admirable to the view’.

     Ἐν ὀστοῖς μὲν γὰρ καὶ περὶ ὀστᾶ ἡ σαρκοποιία, λίθος δὲ ταῦτα ἐν ζῴοις λίθῳ ἐοικότα· διὸ καὶ οἱ ἱστοὶ οὐκ ἀπ’ ἄλλης ὕλης, ἀλλ’ ἀπὸ τοῦ λίθου ἐρρήθησαν. Τὰ δ’ ἁλιπόρφυρα φάρη ἄντικρυς ἡ ἐξ αἱμάτων ἂν εἴη ἐξυφαινομένη σάρξ· ἐξ αἵματος μὲν γὰρ ἁλουργῆ ἔρια καὶ ἐκ ζῴων ἐβάφη καὶ τὸ ἔριον, δι’ αἵματος δὲ καὶ ἐξ αἱμάτων ἡ σαρκογονία. Καὶ χιτών γε τὸ σῶμα τῇ ψυχῇ ὃ ἠμφίεσται, θαῦμα τῷ ὄντι ἰδέσθαι, εἴτε πρὸς τὴν σύστασιν ἀποβλέποις εἴτε πρὸς τὴν πρὸς τοῦτο σύνδεσιν τῆς ψυχῆς. Οὕτω καὶ παρὰ τῷ Ὀρφεῖ ἡ Κόρη, ἥπερ ἐστὶ παντὸς τοῦ σπειρομένου ἔφορος, ἱστουργοῦσα παραδίδοται, τῶν παλαιῶν καὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν πέπλον εἰρηκότων οἷον θεῶν οὐρανίων περίβλημα.

     Διὰ τί οὖν οὐχ ὕδατος πλήρεις οἱ ἀμφιφορεῖς, ἀλλὰ κηρίων; ἐν γὰρ τούτοις, φησί, τιθαιβώσσουσι μέλισσαι. Δηλοῖ δὲ τὸ τιθαιβώσσειν τὸ τιθέναι τὴν βόσιν· βόσις δὲ καὶ τροφὴ τὸ μέλι ταῖς μελίσσαις. Κέχρηνται δὴ τῷ μέλιτι οἱ θεολόγοι πρὸς πολλὰ καὶ διάφορα σύμβολα διὰ τὸ ἐκ πολλῶν αὐτὸ συνεστάναι δυνάμεων, ἐπεὶ καὶ καθαρτικῆς ἐστι δυνάμεως καὶ συντηρητικῆς· τῷ γὰρ μέλιτι πολλὰ ἄσηπτα μένει καὶ τὰ χρόνια τραύματα ἐκκαθαίρεται μέλιτι. Ἔστι δὲ γλυκὺ τῇ γεύσει καὶ συναγόμενον ἐξ ἀνθῶν ὑπὸ μελισσῶν, ἃς βουγενεῖς εἶναι συμβέβηκεν. Ὅταν μὲν οὖν τοῖς τὰ λεοντικὰ μυουμένοις εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἀνθ’ ὕδατος μέλι νίψασθαι ἐγχέωσι, καθαρὰς ἔχειν τὰς χεῖρας παραγγέλλουσιν ἀπὸ παντὸς λυπηροῦ καὶ βλαπτικοῦ καὶ μυσαροῦ, καὶ ὡς μύστῃ καθαρτικοῦ ὄντος τοῦ πυρὸς οἰκεῖα νίπτρα προσάγουσι, παραιτησάμενοι τὸ ὕδωρ ὡς πολεμοῦν τῷ πυρί.

     For the formation of the flesh is on and about the bones, which in the bodies of animals resemble stones. Hence these instruments of weaving consist of stone, and not of any other matter. But the purple webs will evidently be the flesh which is woven from the blood. For purple woollen garments are tinged from blood. and wool is dyed from animal juice. The generation of flesh, also, is through and from blood. Add, too, that the body is a garment with which the soul is invested, a thing wonderful to the sight, whether this refers to the composition of the soul, or contributes to the colligation of the soul (to the whole of a visible essence). Thus, also, Proserpine, who is the inspective guardian of everything produced from seed, is represented by Orpheus as weaving a web ⁷  , and the heavens are called by the ancients a veil, in consequence of being,as it were, the vestment of the celestial Gods.

     Why, therefore, are the amphorae said not to be filled with water, but with honeycombs? For in these, Homer says, the bees deposit their honey, which signifies to deposit aliment. And honey is the nutriment of bees. Theologists also have made honey subservient to many and different symbols because it consists of many powers; since it is both cathartic and preservative. Hence, through honey, bodies are preserved from putrefaction, and inveterate ulcers are purified. Farther still, it is also sweet to the taste, and is collected by bees, who are ox-begotten from flowers. When, therefore, those who are initiated in the Leontic sacred rites, pour honey instead of water on their hands; they are ordered (by the initiator) to have their hands pure from everything productive of molestation, and from everything noxious and detestable. Other initiators {into the same mysteries) employ fire, which is of a cathartic nature, as an appropriate punncation.

     Καθαίρουσι δὲ καὶ τὴν γλῶσσαν τῷ μέλιτι ἀπὸ παντὸς ἁμαρτωλοῦ. Ὅταν δὲ τῷ Πέρσῃ προσάγωσι μέλι ὡς φύλακι καρπῶν, τὸ φυλακτικὸν ἐν συμβόλῳ τίθενται· ὅθεν τινὲς ἠξίουν τὸ νέκταρ καὶ τὴν ἀμβροσίαν ἣν κατὰ ῥινῶν στάζει ὁ ποιητὴς εἰς τὸ μὴ σαπῆναι τοὺς τεθνηκότας, τὸ μέλι ἐκδέχεσθαι, θεῶν τροφῆς ὄντος τοῦ μέλιτος. Διὸ καὶ φησί που ‘νέκταρ ἐρυθρόν’· τοιοῦτον γὰρ εἶναι τῇ χροιᾷ τὸ μέλι. Ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τοῦ νέκταρος, εἰ χρὴ ἀκούειν ἐπὶ μέλιτος, ἐν ἄλλοις ἀκριβέστερον ἐξετάσομεν· παρὰ δὲ τῷ Ὀρφεῖ ὁ Κρόνος μέλιτι ὑπὸ Διὸς ἐνεδρεύεται· πλησθεὶς γὰρ μέλιτος μεθύει καὶ σκοτοῦται ὡς ἀπὸ οἴνου καὶ ὑπνοῖ ὡς παρὰ Πλάτωνι ὁ Πόρος τοῦ νέκταρος πλησθείς· ‘οὔπω γὰρ οἶνος ἦν’. Φησὶ γὰρ παρ’ Ὀρφεῖ ἡ Νὺξ τῷ Διὶ ὑποτιθεμένη τὸν διὰ μέλιτος δόλον·

‘εὖτ’ ἂν δή μιν ἴδηαι ὑπὸ δρυσὶν ὑψικόμοισιν ἔργοισιν μεθύοντα μελισσάων ἐριβομβέων, δῆσον αὐτόν’.

     Ὃ καὶ πάσχει ὁ Κρόνος καὶ δεθεὶς ἐκτέμνεται ὡς ὁ Οὐρανός, τοῦ θεολόγου δι’ ἡδονῆς δεσμεῖσθαι καὶ κατάγεσθαι τὰ θεῖα εἰς γένεσιν αἰνισσομένου ἀποσπερματίζειν τε δυνάμεις εἰς τὴν ἡδονὴν ἐκλυθέντα. Ὅθεν ἐπιθυμίᾳ μὲν συνουσίας τὸν Οὐρανὸν κατιόντα εἰς Γῆν ἐκτέμνει Κρόνος· ταὐτὸν δὲ τῇ ἐκ συνουσίας ἡδονῇ παρίστησιν αὐτοῖς ἡ τοῦ μέλιτος, ὑφ’ οὗ δολωθεὶς ὁ Κρόνος ἐκτέμνεται.

     And they likewise purify the tongue from all defilement of evil with honey. But the Persians, when they offer honey to the guardian of fruits, consider it as the symbol of a preserving and defending power. Hence some persons have thought that the nectar and ambrosia⁸  , which the poet pours into the nostrils of the dead, for the purpose of preventing putrefaction, is honey; since honey is the food of the Gods. On this account also, the same poet somewhere calls nectar golden; for such is the colour of honey (viz., it is a deep yellow). But whether or not honey is to be taken for nectar, we shall elsewhere more accurately examine. In Orpheus, likewise, Saturn is ensnared by Jupiter through honey. For Saturn, being filled with honey, is intoxicated, his senses are darkened, as if from the effects of wine, and he sleeps; just as Porus, in the banquet of Plato, is filled with nectar; for wine was not (says he) yet known. The Goddess Night, too, in Orpheus, advises Jupiter to make use of honey as an artifice. For she says to him:

‘When stretch’d beneath the lofty oaks you view Saturn, with honey by the bees produc’d Sunk in ebriety ⁹, fast bind the God’.

     This therefore, takes place, and Saturn being bound is emasculated in the same manner as Heaven; the theologist obscurely signifying by this that divine natures become through pleasure bound, and drawn down into the realms of generation; and also that, when dissolved in pleasure they emit certain seminal powers. Hence Saturn emasculates Heaven, when descending to earth through a desire of generation ¹⁰. But the sweetness of honey signifies, with theologists, the same thing as the pleasure arising from generation, by which Saturn, being ensnared, was castrated.

     Πρῶτος γὰρ τῶν ἀντιφερομένων τῷ Οὐρανῷ ὁ Κρόνος ἐστὶ καὶ ἡ τούτου σφαῖρα. Κατίασι δὲ δυνάμεις ἐξ οὐρανοῦ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν πλανωμένων· ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ δέχεται Κρόνος, τὰς δ’ ἀπὸ τοῦ Κρόνου Ζεύς. Λαμβανομένου τοίνυν καὶ ἐπὶ καθαρμοῦ τοῦ μέλιτος καὶ ἐπὶ φυλακῆς σηπεδόνος καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς δι’ ἡδονῆς εἰς γένεσιν καταγωγῆς οἰκεῖον σύμβολον καὶ νύμφαις ὑδριάσι παρατίθεται εἰς τὸ ἄσηπτον τῶν ὑδάτων ὧν ἐπιστατοῦσι καὶ τὴν κάθαρσιν αὐτῶν καὶ τὴν εἰς γένεσιν συνεργίαν, συνεργεῖ γὰρ γενέσει τὸ ὕδωρ.

    Διὸ καὶ ἐν τοῖς κρατῆρσι καὶ ἀμφιφορεῦσι τιθαιβώσσουσι μέλισσαι, τῶν μὲν κρατήρων σύμβολον τῶν πηγῶν φερόντων, καθὼς παρὰ τῷ Μίθρᾳ ὁ κρατὴρ ἀντὶ τῆς πηγῆς τέτακται, τῶν δ’ ἀμφιφορέων τῶν ἐν οἷς τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν πηγῶν ἀρυόμεθα. Πηγαὶ δὲ καὶ νάματα οἰκεῖα ταῖς ὑδριάσι νύμφαις καὶ ἔτι γε μᾶλλον νύμφαις ταῖς ψυχαῖς, ἃς ἰδίως μελίσσας οἱ παλαιοὶ ἐκάλουν ἡδονῆς οὔσας ἐργαστικάς. Ὅθεν καὶ ὁ Σοφοκλῆς οὐκ ἀνοικείως ἐπὶ τῶν ψυχῶν ἔφη

‘βομβεῖ δὲ νεκρῶν σμῆνος ἔρχεταί τ’ ἄνω’.

     For Saturn, and his sphere, are the first of the orbs that move contrary to the course of Coelum or the heavens. Certain powers, however, descend both from Heaven (or the inerratic sphere) and the planets. But Saturn receives the powers of Heaven and Jupiter the powers of Saturn. Since, therefore, honey is assumed in purgations, and as an antidote to putrefaction, and is indicative of the pleasure which draws souls downward to generation; it is a symbol well adapted to aquatic Nymphs, on account of the unputrescent nature of the waters over which they preside, their purifying power, and their co-operation with generation. For water co-operates in the work of generation.

     To this account the bees are said, by the poet, to deposit their honey in bowls and amphorae; the bowls being a symbol of fountains, and therefore a bowl is placed near to Mithra, instead of a fountain; but the amphorae are symbols of the vessels with which we draw water from fountains. And fountains and streams are adapted to aquatic Nymphs, and still more so to the Nymphs that are souls, which the ancient peculiarly called bees, as the efficient causes of sweetness. Hence Sophocles does not speak unappropriately when he says of souls:—

‘In swarms while wandering, from the dead, a humming sound is heard’.

     Καὶ τὰς Δήμητρος ἱερείας ὡς τῆς χθονίας θεᾶς μύστιδας μελίσσας οἱ παλαιοὶ ἐκάλουν αὐτήν τε τὴν Κόρην Μελιτώδη, Σελήνην τε οὖσαν γενέσεως προστάτιδα Μέλισσαν ἐκάλουν ἄλλως τε ἐπεὶ ταῦρος μὲν Σελήνη καὶ ὕψωμα Σελήνης ὁ ταῦρος, βουγενεῖς δ’ αἱ μέλισσαι, καὶ ψυχαὶ δ’ εἰς γένεσιν ἰοῦσαι βουγενεῖς, καὶ βουκλόπος θεὸς ὁ τὴν γένεσιν λεληθότως ἀκούων. Πεποίηνται ἤδη τὸ μέλι καὶ θανάτου σύμβολον (διὸ καὶ μέλιτος σπονδὰς τοῖς χθονίοις ἔθυον), τὴν δὲ χολὴν ζωῆς, ἤτοι δι’ ἡδονῆς αἰνιττόμενοι ἀποθνῄσκειν τὸν τῆς ψυχῆς βίον, διὰ δὲ πικρίας ἀναβιώσκεσθαι (ὅθεν καὶ τοῖς θεοῖς χολὴν ἔθυον), ἢ ὅτι ὁ μὲν θάνατος λυσίπονος, ἡ δ’ ἐνταῦθα ζωὴ ἐπίμοχθος καὶ πικρά.

     Οὐχ ἁπλῶς μέντοι πάσας ψυχὰς εἰς γένεσιν ἰούσας μελίσσας ἔλεγον, ἀλλὰ τὰς μελλούσας μετὰ δικαιοσύνης βιοτεύειν καὶ πάλιν ἀναστρέφειν εἰργασμένας τὰ θεοῖς φίλα. Τὸ γὰρ ζῷον φιλόστροφον καὶ μάλιστα δίκαιον καὶ νηφαντικόν· ὅθεν καὶ νηφάλιοι σπονδαὶ αἱ διὰ μέλιτος. Καὶ κυάμοις οὐκ ἐφιζάνουσιν, οὓς ἐλάμβανον εἰς σύμβολον τῆς κατ’ εὐθεῖαν γενέσεως καὶ ἀκαμποῦς διὰ τὸ μόνον σχεδὸν τῶν σπερματικῶν δι’ ὅλου τετρῆσθαι, μὴ ἐγκοπτόμενον ταῖς μεταξὺ τῶν γονάτων ἐμφράξεσι. Φέροιεν ἂν οὖν τὰ κηρία καὶ αἱ μέλισσαι οἰκεῖα σύμβολα καὶ κοινὰ ὑδριάδων νυμφῶν καὶ ψυχῶν εἰς γένεσιν νυμφευομένων.

     The priestesses of Ceres, also, as being initiated into the mysteries of the terrene Goddess, were called by the ancients bees; and Proserpine herself was denominated by them honied. The moon, likewise, who presides over generation, was called by them a bee, and also a bull. And Taurus is the exaltation of the moon. But bees are ox-begotten. And this application is also given to souls proceeding into generation. The God, likewise, who is occultly connected with generation, is a stealer of oxen. To which may be added, that honey is considered as a symbol of death, and on this account it is usual to offer libations of honey to the terrestrial Gods; but gall is considered as a symbol of life; whether it is obscurely signified by this, that the life of the soul dies through pleasure, but through bitterness the soul resumes its life, whence, also, bile is sacrificed to the Gods; or whether it is, because death liberates from molestation, but the present life is laborious and bitter.

     All souls, however, proceeding into generation, are not simply called bees, but those who will live in it justly and who, after having performed such things as are acceptable to the Gods, will again return (to their kindred stars). For this insect loves to return to the place from whence it first came, and is eminently just and sober. Whence, also, the libations which are made with honey are called sober. Bees, likewise, do not sit on beans, which were considered by the ancients as a symbol of generation proceeding in a right line, and without flexure; because this leguminous vegetable is almost the only seed-bearing plant whose stalk is perforated throughout without any intervening knots ¹¹. We must therefore admit, that honeycombs and bees are appropriate and common symbols of the aquatic nymphs, and of souls that are married (as it were) to (the humid and fluctuating nature of) generation.

     Σπήλαια τοίνυν καὶ ἄντρα τῶν παλαιοτάτων πρὶν καὶ ναοὺς ἐπινοῆσαι θεοῖς ἀφοσιούντων, καὶ ἐν Κρήτῃ μὲν Κουρήτων Διί, ἐν Ἀρκαδίᾳ δὲ Σελήνῃ καὶ Πανὶ Λυκείῳ, καὶ ἐν Νάξῳ Διονύσῳ, πανταχοῦ δ’ ὅπου τὸν Μίθραν ἔγνωσαν διὰ σπηλαίου τὸν θεὸν ἱλεουμένων, τὸ Ἰθακήσιον σπήλαιον οὐκ ἠρκέσθη δίθυρον εἰπὼν Ὅμηρος, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς μέν τινας πρὸς βορρᾶν τετράφθαι θύρας, τὰς δὲ πρὸς νότον [θεωτέρας], καὶ καταβατάς γε τὰς βορείους, τὰς δὲ πρὸς νότον οὐδὲ εἰ καταβαταὶ ἐπεσημήνατο, μόνον δὲ ὅτι

‘οὐδέ τι κείνῃ ἄνδρες ἐσέρχονται, ἀλλ’ ἀθανάτων ὁδός ἐστιν’.

     Ἕπεται τοίνυν ζητεῖν τὸ βούλημα εἴτε τῶν καθιδρυσαμένων, εἴπερ ἱστορίαν ὁ ποιητὴς ἀπαγγέλλει, ἢ αὐτοῦ γε τὸ αἴνιγμα, εἴπερ αὐτοῦ πλάσμα τὸ διήγημα. Τοῦ δὴ ἄντρου εἰκόνα καὶ σύμβολον φησὶ τοῦ κόσμου φέροντος Νουμήνιος καὶ ὁ τούτου ἑταῖρος Κρόνιος δύο εἶναι ἐν οὐρανῷ ἄκρα, ὧν οὔτε νοτιώτερόν ἐστι τοῦ χειμερινοῦ τροπικοῦ οὔτε βορειότερον τοῦ θερινοῦ. Ἔστι δ’ ὁ μὲν θερινὸς κατὰ καρκίνον, ὁ δὲ χειμερινὸς κατ’ αἰγόκερων. Καὶ προσγειότατος μὲν ὢν ἡμῖν ὁ καρκίνος εὐλόγως τῇ προσγειοτάτῃ Σελήνῃ ἀπεδόθη, ἀφανοῦς δ’ ἔτι ὄντος τοῦ νοτίου πόλου τῷ μακρὰν ἔτι ἀφεστηκότι καὶ ἀνωτάτῳ τῶν πλανωμένων πάντων ὁ αἰγόκερως ἀπεδόθη.

     Caves, therefore, in the most remote periods of antiquity were consecrated to the Gods, before temples were erected to them. Hence, the Curetes in Crete dedicated a cavern to Jupiter; in Arcadia, a cave was sacred to the Moon, and to Lycean Pan; and in Naxus, to Bacchus. But wherever Mithra was known, they propitiated the God in a cavern. With respect, however, to the Ithacensian cave, Homer was not satisfied with saying that it had two gates, but adds that one of the gates was turned towards the north, but the other which was more divine, to the south. He also says that the northern gate was pervious to descent, but does not indicate whether this was also the case with the southern gate. For of this, he only says,

“It is inaccessible to men, but it is the path of the immortals”.

     It remains, therefore, to investigate what is indicated by this narration; whether the poet describes a cavern which was in reality consecrated by others, or whether it is an enigma of his own invention. Since, however, a cavern is an image and symbol of the world, as Numenius and his familiar Cronius assert, there are two extremities in the heavens, viz., the winter tropic, than which nothing is more southern, and the summer tropic, than which nothing is more northern. But the summer tropic is in Cancer, and the winter tropic in Capricorn. And since Cancer is nearest to us, it is very properly attributed to the Moon, which is the nearest of all the heavenly bodies to the earth. But as the southern pole by its great distance is invisible to us, hence Capricorn is attributed to Saturn, the highest and most remote of all the planets.

     Καὶ ἔχουσί γε ἐφεξῆς αἱ θέσεις τῶν ζῳδίων· ἀπὸ μὲν καρκίνου εἰς αἰγόκερων πρῶτα μὲν λέοντα οἶκον Ἡλίου, εἶτα παρθένον Ἑρμοῦ, ζυγὸν δὲ Ἀφροδίτης, σκορπίον δὲ Ἄρεος, τοξότην Διός, αἰγόκερων Κρόνου· ἀπὸ δ’ αἰγόκερω ἔμπαλιν ὑδροχόον Κρόνου, ἰχθύας Διός, Ἄρεος κριόν, ταῦρον Ἀφροδίτης, διδύμους Ἑρμοῦ, καὶ Σελήνης λοιπὸν καρκίνον. Δύο οὖν ταύτας ἔθεντο πύλας καρκίνον καὶ αἰγόκερων οἱ θεολόγοι, Πλάτων δὲ δύο στόμια ἔφη· τούτων δὲ καρκίνον μὲν εἶναι δι’ οὗ κατίασιν αἱ ψυχαί, αἰγόκερων δὲ δι’ οὗ ἀνίασιν. Ἀλλὰ καρκίνος μὲν βόρειος καὶ καταβατικός, αἰγόκερως δὲ νότιος καὶ ἀναβατικός. Ἔστι δὲ τὰ μὲν βόρεια ψυχῶν εἰς γένεσιν κατιουσῶν, καὶ ὀρθῶς καὶ τοῦ ἄντρου αἱ πρὸς βορρᾶν πύλαι καταβαταὶ ἀνθρώποις· τὰ δὲ νότια οὐ θεῶν, ἀλλὰ τῶν εἰς θεοὺς ἀνιουσῶν, διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν δ’ αἰτίαν οὐ θεῶν ἔφη ὁδός, ἀλλ’ ἀθανάτων, ὃ κοινὸν καὶ ἐπὶ ψυχῶν ὡς οὐσῶν καθ’ αὑτὸ ἢ τῇ οὐσίᾳ ἀθανάτων.

     Τῶν δύο πυλῶν τούτων μεμνῆσθαι καὶ Παρμενίδην ἐν τῷ Φυσικῷ φησὶ Ῥωμαίους τε καὶ Αἰγυπτίους. Ῥωμαίους μὲν γὰρ τὰ Κρόνια ἑορτάζειν Ἡλίου κατ’ αἰγόκερων γενομένου, ἑορτάζειν δὲ τοὺς δούλους ἐλευθέρων σχήματα περιβάλλοντας καὶ πάντων ἀλλήλοις κοινωνούντων· αἰνιξαμένου τοῦ νομοθέτου ὅτι κατὰ ταύτην τοῦ οὐρανοῦ τὴν πύλην οἱ νῦν ὄντες διὰ τὴν γένεσιν δοῦλοι διὰ τῆς Κρονικῆς ἑορτῆς καὶ τοῦ ἀνακειμένου Κρόνῳ οἴκου ἐλευθεροῦνται, ἀναβιωσκόμενοι καὶ εἰς ἀπογένεσιν ἀπερχόμενοι. Καταβατικὴ δὲ αὐτοῖς ἡ ἀπ’ αἰγόκερω ὁδός· διὸ ἰανούαν εἰπόντες τὴν θύραν καὶ ἰανουάριον μῆνα τὸν θυραῖον προσεῖπον, ἐν ᾧ Ἥλιος ἀπ’ αἰγόκερω πρὸς ἑῴαν ἐπάνεισιν ἐπιστρέψας εἰς τὰ βόρεια.

     Again, the signs from Cancer to Capricorn are situated in the following order: and the first of these is Leo, which is the house of the Sun; afterwards Virgo, which is the house of Mercury; Libra, the house of Venus; Scorpio, of Mars; Sagittarius, of Jupiter; and Capricorn, of Saturn. But from Capricorn in an inverse order Aquarius is attributed to Saturn; Pisces to Jupiter; Aries to Mars; Taurus to Venus; Gemini to Mercury; and in the last place Cancer to the Moon. Theologists therefore assert, that_these two gates are Cancer and Capricorn; but Plato calls them entrances. And of these, theologists say, that Cancer is the gate through which souls descend; but Capricorn that through which they ascend. Cancer is indeed northern, and adapted to descent; but Capricorn is southern, and  adapted to ascent ¹²   . The northern parts, likewise, pertain to souls descending into generation. And the gates of the cavern which are turned to the north are rightly said to be pervious to the descent of men; but the southern gates are not the avenues of the Gods, but of souls ascending to the Gods. On this account, the poet does not say that they are the avenues of the Gods, but of immortals; this appellation being also common to our souls, which are per se, or essentially, immortal.

     It is said that Parmenides mentions these two gates in his treatise On the Nature of Things, as likewise that they are not unknown to the Romans and Egyptians. For the Romans celebrate their Saturnalia when the Sun is in Capricorn, and during this festivity, slaves wear the shoes of those that are free, and all things are distributed among them in common; the legislator obscurely signifying by this ceremony that through this gate of the heavens, those who are now born slaves will be liberated through the Saturnian festival, and the house attributed to Saturn, i.e., Capricorn, when they live again and return to the fountain of life. Since, however, the path from Capricorn is adapted to ascent, hence the Romans denominate that month in which the Sun, turning from Capricorn to the east, directs his course to the north, Januanus, or January, from janua, a gate.

     Αἰγυπτίοις δὲ ἀρχὴ ἔτους οὐχ ὁ ὑδροχόος, ὡς Ῥωμαίοις, ἀλλὰ καρκίνος· πρὸς γὰρ τῷ καρκίνῳ ἡ Σῶθις, ἣν κυνὸς ἀστέρα Ἕλληνες φασί. Νουμηνία δ’ αὐτοῖς ἡ Σώθεως ἀνατολή, γενέσεως κατάρχουσα τῆς εἰς τὸν κόσμον. Οὔτ’ οὖν ἀνατολῇ καὶ δύσει τὰς θύρας ἀνέθηκεν οὔτε ταῖς ἰσημερίαις, οἷον κριῷ καὶ ζυγῷ ἀλλὰ νότῳ καὶ βορρᾷ καὶ ταῖς κατὰ νότον νοτιωτάταις πύλαις καὶ ταῖς κατὰ βορρᾶν βορειοτάταις, ὅτι ψυχαῖς καθιέρωτο τὸ ἄντρον καὶ νύμφαις ὑδριάσι, ψυχαῖς δὲ γενέσεως καὶ ἀπογενέσεως οἰκεῖοι οἱ τόποι.

     Τῷ μὲν οὖν Μίθρᾳ οἰκείαν καθέδραν τὴν κατὰ τὰς ἰσημερίας ὑπέταξαν· διὸ κριοῦ μὲν φέρει Ἀρηίου ζῳδίου τὴν μάχαιραν, ἐποχεῖται δὲ ταύρῳ, Ἀφροδίτης δὲ καὶ ὁ ταῦρος. Δημιουργὸς δὲ ὢν ὁ Μίθρας καὶ γενέσεως δεσπότης κατὰ τὸν ἰσημερινὸν τέτακται κύκλον, ἐν δεξιᾷ μὲν ἔχων τὰ βόρεια, ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δὲ τὰ νότια, τεταγμένου αὐτοῖς κατὰ μὲν τὸν νότον τοῦ Καύτου διὰ τὸ εἶναι θερμόν, κατὰ δὲ τὸν βορρᾶν τοῦ Καυτοπάτου διὰ τὸ ψυχρὸν τοῦ ἀνέμου. Ψυχαῖς δ’ εἰς γένεσιν ἰούσαις καὶ ἀπὸ γενέσεως χωριζομέναις εἰκότως ἔταξαν ἀνέμους διὰ τὸ ἐφέλκεσθαι καὶ αὐτὰς πνεῦμα, ὥς τινες ᾠήθησαν, καὶ τὴν οὐσίαν ἔχειν τοιαύτην. Ἀλλὰ βορέας μὲν οἰκεῖος εἰς γένεσιν ἰούσαις· διὸ καὶ τοὺς θνῄσκειν μέλλοντας ἡ βορέου πνοὴ ‘ζωγρεῖ ἐπιπνείουσα κακῶς κεκαφηότα θυμόν’, ἡ δὲ τοῦ νότου διαλύει.

     But with the Egyptians, the beginning of the year is not Aquarius, as with the Romans, but Cancer. For the star Sothis, which the Greeks call the Dog, is near to Cancer. And the rising of Sothis is the new moon with them, this being the principle of generation to the world. On this account, the gates of the Homeric cavern are not dedicated to the east and west, nor to the equinoctial signs, Aries and Libra, but to the north and south, and to those celestial signs which towards the south are most southerly, and, towards the north are most northerly; because this cave was sacred to souis and aquatic nymphsT But these places are adapted to souls descending into generation, and afterwards separating themselves from it.

     Hence, a place near to the equinoctial circle was assigned to Mithra as an appropriate seat. And on this account he bears the sword of Aries, which is a martial sign. He is likewise carried in the Bull, which is the sign of Venus. For Mithra. as well as the Bull, is the Demiurgus and lord of generation ¹³. But he is placed near the equinoctial circle, having the northern parts on his right hand, and the southern on his left. They likewise arranged towards the south the southern hemisphere because it is hot; but the northern hemisphere towards the north, through the coldness of the north wind. The ancients, likewise, very reasonably connected winds with souls proceeding into generation, and again separating themselves from it, because, as some think, souls attract a spirit, and have a pneumatic essence. But the north wind is adapted to souls falling into generation; and, on this account, the northern blasts refresh those who are dying, and when they can scarcely draw their breath. On the contrary the southern gales dissolve life.

     Ἡ μὲν γὰρ πήγνυσι ψυχροτέρα οὖσα καὶ ἐν τῷ ψυχρῷ τῆς χθονίου γενέσεως διακρατοῦσα, ἡ δὲ διαλύει θερμοτέρα οὖσα καὶ πρὸς τὸ θερμὸν τοῦ θείου ἀναπέμπουσα. Βορειοτέρας δ’ οὔσης τῆς ἡμετέρας οἰκουμένης ἀνάγκη τὰς τῇδε κυομένας βορρᾷ ἀνέμῳ ὁμιλεῖν καὶ τὰς ἐντεῦθεν ἀπαλλαττομένας νότῳ· αὕτη δὲ καὶ ἡ αἰτία τοῦ τὸν μὲν βορρᾶν ἀρχόμενον μέγαν εἶναι, τὸν δὲ νότον λήγοντα. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ εὐθὺς ἐπίκειται τοῖς ὑπὸ τὴν ἄρκτον οἰκοῦσιν, ὁ δὲ μακρὰν ἀφέστηκε· χρονιωτέρα δ’ ἡ ἐκ τῶν ἄπωθεν ἐπιρροή· καὶ ὅταν ἀθροισθῇ, τότε πληθύνει. Εἰς γένεσιν δ’ ἀπὸ βορέου πύλης τῶν ψυχῶν ἐρχομένων ἐρωτικὸν διὰ τοῦτο ὑπεστήσαντο τὸν ἄνεμον· καὶ γὰρ

‘ἵππῳ ἐεισάμενος παρελέξατο κυανοχαίτῃ·
αἱ δ’ ὑποκυσσάμεναι ἔτεκον δυοκαίδεκα πώλους.’

     For the north wind, indeed, from its superior coldness, congeals (as it were the animal life), and retains it in the frigidity of terrene generation. But the south wind, being hot, dissolves this life, and sends it upward to the heat of a divine nature. Since, however, our terrene habitation is more northern, it is proper that souls which are born in it should be familiar with the north wind; but those that exchange this life for a better, with the south wind. This also is the cause why the north wind is, at its commencement, great; but the south wind, at its termination. For the former is situated directly over the inhabitants of the northern part of the globe, but the latter is at a great distance from them; and the blast from places very remote, is more tardy than from such as are near. But when it is coacervated, then it blows abundantly and with vigour. Since, however, souls proceed into generation through the northern gate, hence this wind is said to be amatory. For, as the poet says,

‘Boreas, enamour’d of the sprightly train, Conceal’d his godhead in a flowing mane. With voice dissembled to his loves he neighed,
And coursed the dappled beauties o’er the mead; Hence sprung twelve others of unrivalled kind, Swift as their mother mares, and father wind ¹⁴’.

     Καὶ τὴν Ὠρείθυιαν αὐτὸν ἁρπάσαι φασίν, ἐτέκνωσέ τε Ζήτην καὶ Κάλαϊν. Τὸν δὲ νότον θεοῖς νέμοντες ἱσταμένης τῆς μεσημβρίας ἐν τοῖς ναοῖς τῶν θεῶν τὰ παραπετάσματα ἕλκουσι, τὸ Ὁμηρικὸν δὴ τοῦτο φυλάσσοντες παράγγελμα, ὡς κατὰ τὴν εἰς νότον ἔγκλισιν τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ θέμις ἀνθρώπους εἰσιέναι εἰς τὰ ἱερά, ἀλλ’ ἀθανάτων ὁδός ἐστιν. Ἱστᾶσιν οὖν τὸ σύμβολον τῆς μεσημβρίας καὶ τοῦ νότου ἐπὶ τῇ θύρᾳ μεσημβριάζοντος τοῦ θεοῦ. Οὐκοῦν οὐδ’ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων θυρῶν ἐφ’ ὁποίας οὖν ὥρας ἐξὸν λαλεῖν ὡς ἱερᾶς οὔσης θύρας, καὶ διὰ τοῦθ’ οἱ Πυθαγόρειοι καὶ οἱ παρ’ Αἰγυπτίοις σοφοὶ μὴ λαλεῖν ἀπηγόρευον διερχομένους ἢ θύρας ἢ πύλας, σεβομένους ὑπὸ σιωπῆς θεὸν ἀρχὴν τῶν ὅλων ἔχοντα.

     Οἶδε δὲ καὶ Ὅμηρος ἱερὰς τὰς θύρας, ὡς δηλοῖ παρ’ αὐτῷ ὁ σείων Οἰνεὺς ἀνθ’ ἱκετηρίας τὴν θύραν, ‘σείων κολλητὰς σανίδας, γουνούμενος υἱόν’. Οἶδε δὲ καὶ πύλας οὐρανοῦ, ἃς αἱ Ὧραι ἐπιστεύθησαν, ἀρχὰς ἐχούσας τῶν νεφουμένων τόπων, ὧν αἱ ἀνοίξεις καὶ τὰ κλεῖθρα διὰ νεφῶν, ‘ἠμὲν ἀνακλῖναι πυκινὸν νέφος ἠδ’ ἐπιθεῖναι,’ καὶ διὰ τοῦτο μυκώμεναι, ὅτι καὶ αἱ βρονταὶ διὰ τῶν νεφῶν· ‘αὐτόματοι δὲ πύλαι μύκον οὐρανοῦ, ἃς ἔχον Ὧραι’. Λέγει δέ που καὶ Ἡλίου πύλας, σημαίνων καρκίνον τε καὶ αἰγόκερων· ἄχρι γὰρ τούτων πρόεισιν ἀπὸ βορέου ἀνέμου εἰς τὰ νότια κατιὼν κἀκεῖθεν ἐπανιὼν εἰς τὰ βόρεια.

     It is also said, that Boreas ravished ¹⁵  Orithya, from whom he begot Zetis and Calais. But as the south is attributed to the Gods, hence, when the Sun is at its meridian, the curtains in temples are drawn before the statues of the Gods; in consequence of observing the Homeric precept: “That it is not lawful for men to enter temples when the Sun is inclined to the south, for this is the path of the immortals”. Hence, when the God is at his meridian altitude, the ancients placed a symbol of midday and of the south in the gates of the temples, and on this account, in other gates also, it was not lawful to speak at all times, because gates were considered as sacred. Hence, too, the Pythagoreans, and the wise men among the Egyptians, forbade speaking while passing through doors or gates; for then they venerated in silence that God who is the principle of wholes (and, therefore, of all things).

     Homer, likewise, knew that gates are sacred, as is evident from his representing Oeneus, when supplicating, shaking the gate: “The gates he shakes, and supplicates the son” ¹⁶. He also knew the gates of the heavens which are committed to the guardianship of the hours; which gates originate in cloudy places, and are opened and shut by the clouds. For he says: “Whether dense clouds they close, or wide unfold” ¹⁷. And on this account these gates omit a bellowing sound, because thunders roar through the clouds: “Heaven’s gates spontaneous open to the powers; Heaven’s bellowing portals, guarded by the Hours” ¹⁸.

     Αἰγόκερως δὲ καὶ καρκίνος περὶ τὸν γαλαξίαν τὰ πέρατα αὐτοῦ εἰληχότες, καρκίνος μὲν τὰ βόρεια, αἰγόκερως δὲ τὰ νότια· δῆμος δὲ ὀνείρων κατὰ Πυθαγόραν αἱ ψυχαί, ἃς συνάγεσθαι φησὶν εἰς τὸν γαλαξίαν τὸν οὕτω προσαγορευόμενον ἀπὸ τῶν γάλακτι τρεφομένων, ὅταν εἰς γένεσιν πέσωσιν. ᾯ καὶ σπένδειν αὐταῖς τοὺς ψυχαγωγοὺς μέλι κεκραμένον γάλακτι ὡς ἂν δι’ ἡδονῆς εἰς γένεσιν μεμελετηκυίαις ἔρχεσθαι· αἷς συγκυεῖσθαι τὸ γάλα πέφυκεν.

     Ἔτι τὰ μὲν νότια μικροφυῆ ποιεῖ τὰ σώματα· τὸ γὰρ θερμὸν ἰσχναίνειν αὐτὰ μάλιστα εἴωθεν, ἐν αὐτῷ δὲ τούτῳ καὶ κατασμικρύνειν καὶ ξηραίνειν· ἔτι δ’ ἐν τοῖς βορείοις πάντα μεγάλα τὰ σώματα, δηλοῦσι δὲ Κελτοί, Θρᾷκες, Σκύθαι ἥ τε γῆ κάθυγρος αὐτῶν οὖσα καὶ νομὰς πλείστας φέρουσα. Ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτό γε τοὔνομα ἀπὸ τῆς βορᾶς· βορὰ δὲ ὄνομα τροφῆς, καὶ ὁ ἐκ γῆς οὖν πνέων τροφοῦ, ἅτε τρόφιμος ὤν, βορρᾶς κέκληται. Κατὰ ταῦτα τοίνυν τῷ μὲν θνητῷ καὶ γενέσει ὑποπτώτῳ φύλῳ τὰ βόρεια οἰκεῖα, τῷ δὲ θειοτέρῳ τὰ νότια, ὡς θεοῖς μὲν τὰ ἀνατολικά, δαίμοσι δὲ τὰ δυτικά.

     He likewise elsewhere speaks of the gates of the Sun, signifying by these Cancer and Capricorn, for the Sun proceeds as far as to these signs, when he descends from the north to the south, and from thence ascends again to the northern parts. But Capricorn and Cancer are situated about the galaxy, being allotted the extremities of this circle; Cancer indeed the northern, but Capricorn the southern extremity of it. According to Pythagoras, also, the people of dreams ¹⁹ are the souls which are said to be collected in the galaxy, this circle being so called from the milk with which souls are nourished when they fall into generation. Hence, those who evocate departed souls, sacrifice to them by a libation of milk mingled with honey; because, through the allurements of sweetness they will proceed into generation: with the birth of man, milk being naturally produced.

     Farther still, the southern regions produce small bodies; for it is usual with heat to attenuate them in the greatest degree. But all bodies generated in the north are large, as is evident in the Celtae, the Thracians and the Scythians; and these regions are humid, and abound with pastures. For the word Boreas is derived from Βορά, which signifies nutriment. Hence, also, the wind which blows from a land abounding in nutriment, is called Βορρᾶς, as being of a nutritive nature. From these causes, therefore, the northern parts are adapted to the mortal tribe, and to souls that fail into the realms of generation. But the southern parts are adapted to that which is immortal ²⁰, just as the eastern parts of the world are attributed to the Gods, but the western to daemons.

     Ἀρξαμένης γὰρ τῆς φύσεως ἀπὸ ἑτερότητος πανταχοῦ τὸ δίθυρον αὐτῆς πεποίηνται σύμβολον. Ἢ γὰρ διὰ νοητοῦ ἡ πορεία ἢ δι’ αἰσθητοῦ· καὶ τοῦ αἰσθητοῦ ἢ διὰ τῆς ἀπλανοῦς ἢ διὰ τῆς τῶν πεπλανημένων, καὶ πάλιν ἢ διὰ τῆς ἀθανάτου ἢ διὰ τῆς θνητῆς πορείας, καὶ κέντρον τὸ μὲν ὑπὲρ γῆν, τὸ δ’ ὑπόγειον, καὶ τὸ μὲν ἀνατολικόν, τὸ δὲ δυτικόν, καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀριστερά, τὰ δὲ δεξιά, νύξ τε καὶ ἡμέρα· καὶ διὰ τοῦτο παλίντονος ἡ ἁρμονία καὶ τοξεύει διὰ τῶν ἐναντίων.

     Δύο δὲ στόμια Πλάτων φησί, δι’ οὗ μὲν ἀναβαινόντων εἰς οὐρανόν, δι’ οὗ δὲ κατιόντων εἰς γῆν, καὶ τῶν θεολόγων πύλας ψυχῶν Ἥλιον τιθέντων καὶ Σελήνην, καὶ διὰ μὲν Ἡλίου ἀνιέναι, διὰ δὲ Σελήνης κατιέναι· καὶ δύο πίθοι παρ’ Ὁμήρῳ

‘δώρων, οἷα δίδωσι, κακῶν, ἕτερος δὲ ἐάων’·

πίθου νενομισμένης καὶ παρὰ Πλάτωνι ἐν Γοργίᾳ τῆς ψυχῆς, καὶ τῆς μὲν οὔσης εὐεργέτιδος, τῆς δὲ κακοεργέτιδος, καὶ τῆς μὲν λογικῆς, τῆς δ’ ἀλόγου· πίθοι δὲ ὅτι χωρήματα ἦσαν αἱ ψυχαὶ ἐνεργειῶν τε καὶ ἕξεων ποιῶν. Καὶ παρ’ Ἡσιόδῳ ὁ μέν τις νοεῖται πίθος δεδεμένος, ὁ δὲ ὃν λύει ἡ ἡδονὴ καὶ εἰς πάντα διασκεδάννυσι μόνης ἐλπίδος μενούσης. Ἐν οἷς γὰρ ἡ φαύλη ψυχὴ σκιδναμένη περὶ ὕλην τάξεως διαμαρτάνει, ἐν τούτοις ἅπασι ταῖς ἀγαθαῖς ἐλπίσιν ἑαυτὴν βουκολεῖν εἴωθε.

     For, in consequence of nature originating from diversity, the ancients everywhere made that which has a twofold entrance to be a symbol of the nature of things. For the progression is either through that which is intelligible or through that which is sensible. And if through that which is sensible, it is either through the sphere of the fixed stars, or through the sphere of the planets. And again, it is either through an immortal, or through a mortal progression. One centre likewise is above, but the other beneath the earth; and the one is eastern, but the other western. Thus, too, some parts of the world are situated on the left, but others on the right hand; and night is opposed to day. On this account, also, harmony consists of and proceeds through contraries.

     Plato also says that there are two openings ²¹ one of which affords a passage to souls ascending to the heavens, but the other to souls descending to the earth. And according to theologists, the Sun and Moon are the gates of souls, which ascend through the Sun, and descend through the Moon. With Homer likewise, there are two tubs,

‘From which the lot of every one he fills, blessings to these, to those distributes ills’ ²².

But Plato in the Gorgias by tubs intends to signify souls, some of which are malefic, but others beneficent; and some which are rational, but others irrational ²³   . Souls, however, are (analogous to,) tubs, because they contain in themselves energies and habits, as in a vessel. In Hesiod, too, we find one tub closed, but the other opened by Pleasure, who scatters its contents everywhere, Hope alone remaining behind. For in those things in which a depraved soul, being dispersed about matter, deserts the proper order of its essence, in all these it is accustomed to feed itself with (the pleasing prospects of) auspicious hope.

     Πανταχοῦ τοίνυν τοῦ διθύρου φύσεως ὄντος συμβόλου εἰκότως καὶ τὸ ἄντρον οὐ μονόθυρον, ἀλλὰ δύο ἔχον θύρας ὡσαύτως τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐξηλλαγμένας, καὶ τὰς μὲν θεοῖς τε καὶ τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς προσηκούσας, τὰς δὲ τοῖς θνητοῖς καὶ φαυλοτέροις. Ἀφ’ ὧν καὶ Πλάτων ὁρμώμενος οἶδε καὶ αὐτὸς κρατῆρας, καὶ ἀντὶ τῶν ἀμφιφορέων λαμβάνει πίθους, καὶ δύο στόμια, ὡς ἔφαμεν, τῶν δύο πυλῶν, καὶ τοῦ Συρίου Φερεκύδου μυχοὺς καὶ βόθρους καὶ ἄντρα καὶ θύρας καὶ πύλας λέγοντος καὶ διὰ τούτων αἰνιττομένου τὰς τῶν ψυχῶν γενέσεις καὶ ἀπογενέσεις. Ἀλλ’ ἵνα μὴ τὰ τῶν παλαιῶν φιλοσόφων τε καὶ θεολόγων ἐπεισάγοντες τὸν λόγον μηκύνωμεν, τὴν μὲν πᾶσαν βούλησιν καὶ διὰ τούτων παραδεδειχέναι ἡγούμεθα τοῦ διηγήματος.

     Λείπεται δὴ παραστῆσαι καὶ τὸ τῆς πεφυτευμένης ἐλαίας σύμβολον ὅτι ποτὲ μηνύει. Καίτοι αὕτη καὶ περιττότερόν τι παρίστησιν, οὐχ ἁπλῶς παραπεφυτεῦσθαι εἰρημένη, ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ κρατὸς λιμένος·

‘αὐτὰρ ἐπὶ κρατὸς λιμένος τανύφυλλος ἐλαίη· ἀγχόθι δ’ αὐτῆς ἄντρον’.

Ἔστι δ’ οὐχ, ὡς ἄν τις νομίσειεν, ἀπὸ τύχης τινὸς οὕτω βλαστήσασα, ἀλλ’ αὐτὴ συνέχουσα τοῦ ἄντρου τὸ αἴνιγμα. Ἐπεὶ γὰρ ὁ κόσμος οὐκ εἰκῆ οὐδ’ ὡς ἔτυχε γέγονεν, ἀλλ’ ἔστι φρονήσεως θεοῦ καὶ νοερᾶς φύσεως ἀποτέλεσμα, παραπεφύτευται τῇ εἰκόνι τοῦ κόσμου τῷ ἄντρῳ σύμβολον φρονήσεως θεοῦ ἡ ἐλαία. Ἀθηνᾶς μὲν γὰρ τὸ φυτόν, φρόνησις δὲ ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ.

     Since, therefore, every twofold entrance is a symbol of nature, this Homeric cavern has, very properly, not one portal only, but two gates, which differ from each other conformably to things themselves; of which one pertains to Gods and good (daemons), but the other to mortals and depraved natures. Hence Plato took occasion to speak of bowls, and assumes tubs instead of amphorae, and two openings, as we have already observed, instead of two gates. Pherecydes Syrus also mentions recesses and trenches, caverns, doors and gates: and through these obscurely indicates the generations of souls, and their separation from these material realms). And thus much for an explanation of the Homeric cave, which we think we have sufficiently unfolded without adducing any further testimonies from ancient philosophers and theologists, which would give a needless extent to our discourse.

     One particular, however, remains to be explained, and that is the symbol of the olive planted at the top of the cavern, since Homer appears to indicate something very admirable by giving it such a position. For he does not merely say that an olive grows in this place, but that it flourishes on the summit of the cavern:

‘high at the head a branching olive grows, beneath, a gloomy grotto’s cool recess’.

But the growth of the olive in such a situation is not fortuitous, as some one may suspect, but contains the enigma of the cavern. For since the world was not produced rashly and casually, but is the work of divine wisdom and an intellectual nature; hence an olive, the symbol of this wisdom flourishes near the present cavern, which is an image of the world. For the olive is the plant of Minerva, and Minerva is wisdom.

     Κρατογενοῦς δ’ οὔσης τῆς θεοῦ, οἰκεῖον τόπον ὁ θεολόγος ἐξεῦρεν ἐπὶ κρατὸς τοῦ λιμένος αὐτὴν καθιερώσας, σημαίνων δι’ αὐτῆς ὡς οὐκ ἐξ αὐτοματισμοῦ τὸ ὅλον τοῦτο καὶ τύχης ἀλόγου ἔργον γέγονεν, ἀλλ’ ὅτι φύσεως νοερᾶς καὶ σοφίας ἀποτέλεσμα, χωριστῆς μὲν οὔσης ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ, πλησίον δὲ κατὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς τοῦ σύμπαντος λιμένος ἱδρυμένης. Ἀειθαλὴς δὲ οὖσα ἡ ἐλαία φέρει τι ἰδίωμα οἰκειότατον ταῖς ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ τροπαῖς τῶν ψυχῶν, αἷς τὸ ἄντρον καθιέρωται. Διὰ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ θέρους τὰ λευκὰ τῶν φύλλων ἀνανεύει, διὰ δὲ τοῦ χειμῶνος μεταστρέφει τὰ λευκότερα· ὅθεν καὶ ἐν ταῖς λιτανείαις καὶ ἱκετηρίαις τὰς τῆς ἐλαίας θαλείας προτείνουσιν, εἰς τὸ λευκὸν αὑτοῖς τὸ σκοτεινὸν τῶν κινδύνων μεταβάλλειν ὀττευόμενοι.

     Φύσει μὲν οὖν ἀειθαλεῖ ἡ ἐλαία συνέχεται ἀρωγὸν πόνων καρπὸν φέρουσα, ἀνάκειται δὲ τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ καὶ τοῖς ἀθληταῖς ἐξ αὐτῆς δίδοται νικήσασι στέφανος, καὶ ἀπ’ αὐτῆς ἱκετηρία τοῖς δεομένοις. Διοικεῖται δὲ καὶ ὁ κόσμος ὑπὸ νοερᾶς φύσεως φρονήσει ἀιδίῳ καὶ ἀειθαλεῖ ἀγόμενος, ἀφ’ ἧς καὶ τὰ νικητήρια τοῖς ἀθληταῖς τοῦ βίου δίδονται καὶ τῶν πολλῶν πόνων τὸ ἄκος, καὶ ὁ τοὺς ἐλεεινοὺς ἀνακτώμενος καὶ ἱκέτας ὁ συνέχων τὸν κόσμον δημιουργός.

     But this Goddess being produced from the head of Jupiter, the theologist has discovered an appropriate place for the olive by consecrating it at the summit of the port; signifying by this that the universe is not the effect of a casual event and the work of irrational fortune, but that it is the offspring of an intellectual nature and divine wisdom, which is separated indeed from it (by a difference of essence), but yet is near to it, through being established on the summit of the whole port (i.e., from the dignity and excellence of its nature governing the whole with consummate wisdom). Since, however, an olive is ever-flourishing, it possesses a certain peculiarity in the highest degree adapted to the revolutions of souls in the world, for to such souls this cave (as we have said) is sacred. For in summer the white leaves of the olive tend upwards, but in winter the whiter leaves are bent downward. On this account also in prayers and supplications, men extend the branches of an olive, ominating from this that they shall exchange the sorrowful darkness of danger for the fair light of security and peace.

     The olive, therefore being naturally ever-flourishing, bears fruit which is the auxiliary of labour (by being its reward , it is sacred to Minerva; supplies the victors in athletic labours with crowns and affords a friendly branch to the suppliant petitioner. Thus, too, the world is governed by an intellectual nature, and is conducted by a wisdom eternal and ever-flourishing; by which the rewards of victory are conferred on the conquerors in the athletic race of life, as the reward of severe toil and patient perseverance. And the Demiurgus who connects and contains the world (in ineffable comprehensions) invigorates miserable and suppliant souls.

     Εἰς τοῦτο τοίνυν φησὶν Ὅμηρος δεῖν τὸ ἄντρον ἀποθέσθαι πᾶν τὸ ἔξωθεν κτῆμα, γυμνωθέντα δὲ καὶ προσαίτου σχῆμα περιθέμενον καὶ κάρψαντα τὸ σῶμα καὶ πᾶν περίττωμα ἀποβαλόντα καὶ τὰς αἰσθήσεις ἀποστραφέντα βουλεύεσθαι μετὰ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς, καθεζόμενον σὺν αὐτῇ ὑπὸ πυθμένα ἐλαίας, ὅπως τὰ ἐπίβουλα τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ πάθη πάντα περικόψῃ. Οὐ γὰρ ἀπὸ σκοποῦ οἶμαι καὶ τοῖς περὶ Νουμήνιον ἐδόκει Ὀδυσσεὺς εἰκόνα φέρειν Ὁμήρῳ κατὰ τὴν Ὀδύσσειαν τοῦ διὰ τῆς ἐφεξῆς γενέσεως διερχομένου καὶ οὕτως ἀποκαθισταμένου εἰς τοὺς ἔξω παντὸς κλύδωνος καὶ θαλάσσης ἀπείρους·

‘εἰσόκε τοὺς ἀφίκηαι οἳ οὐκ ἴσασι θάλασσαν ἀνέρες οὐδέ θ’ ἅλεσσι μεμιγμένον εἶδαρ ἔδουσι’.

     Πόντος δὲ καὶ θάλασσα καὶ κλύδων καὶ παρὰ Πλάτωνι ἡ ὑλικὴ σύστασις. Διὰ τοῦτ’, οἶμαι, καὶ τοῦ Φόρκυνος ἐπωνόμασε τὸν λιμένα· ‘Φόρκυνος δέ τίς ἐστι λιμήν,’ ἐναλίου θεοῦ, οὗ δὴ καὶ θυγατέρα ἐν ἀρχῇ τῆς Ὀδυσσείας τὴν Θόωσαν ἐγενεαλόγησεν, ἀφ’ ἧς ὁ Κύκλωψ, ὃν ὀφθαλμοῦ Ὀδυσσεὺς ἀλάωσεν, ἵνα καὶ ἄχρι τῆς πατρίδος ὑπῇ τι τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων μνημόσυνον. Ἔνθεν αὐτῷ καὶ ἡ ὑπὸ τὴν ἐλαίαν καθέδρα οἰκεία ὡς ἱκέτῃ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν ἱκετηρίαν ἀπομειλισσομένῳ τὸν γενέθλιον δαίμονα.

     In this cave, therefore, says Homer, all external possessions must be deposited. Here, naked, and assuming a suppliant habit, afflicted in body, casting aside everything superfluous, and being averse to the energies of sense, it is requisite to sit at the foot of the olive and consult with Minerva by what means we may most effectually destroy that hostile rout of passions which insidiously lurk in the secret recesses of the soul. Indeed, as it appears to me, it was not without reason that Numenius and his followers thought the person of Ulysses in the Odyssey represented to us a man who passes in a reguIar manner over the dark and stormy sea of generation, and thus at length arrives at that region where tempests and seas are unknown, and finds a nation

‘Who ne’er knew salt, or heard the billows roar’.

     Again, according to Plato, the deep, the sea, and a tempest are images of a material nature. And on this account I think the poet called the port by the name of Phorcys. For he says, “It is the port of the ancient marine Phorcys” ²⁴. The daughter likewise of this God is mentioned in the beginning of the Odyssey. But from Thoosa the Cyclops was born, whom Ulysses deprived of sight. And this deed of Ulysses became the occasion of reminding him of his errors, till he was safely landed in his native country.

     Οὐ γὰρ ἦν ἁπλῶς τῆς αἰσθητικῆς ταύτης ἀπαλλαγῆναι ζωῆς τυφλώσαντα αὐτὴν καὶ καταργῆσαι συντόμως σπουδάσαντα, ἀλλ’ εἵπετο τῷ ταῦτα τολμήσαντι μῆνις ἁλίων καὶ ὑλικῶν θεῶν, οὓς χρὴ πρότερον ἀπομειλίξασθαι θυσίαις τε καὶ πτωχοῦ πόνοις καὶ καρτερίαις, ποτὲ μὲν διαμαχόμενον τοῖς πάθεσι, ποτὲ δὲ γοητεύοντα καὶ ἀπατῶντα καὶ παντοίως πρὸς αὐτὰ μεταβαλλόμενον, ἵνα γυμνωθεὶς τῶν ῥακέων καθέλῃ πάντα καὶ οὐδ’ οὕτως ἀπαλλαγῇ τῶν πόνων, ἀλλ’ ὅταν παντελῶς ἔξαλος γένηται καὶ ἐν ψυχαῖς ἀπείροις θαλασσίων καὶ ἐνύλων ἔργων, ὡς πτύον εἶναι ἡγεῖσθαι τὴν κώπην διὰ τὴν τῶν ἐναλίων ὀργάνων καὶ ἔργων παντελῆ ἀπειρίαν.

     Οὐ δεῖ δὲ τὰς τοιαύτας ἐξηγήσεις βεβιασμένας ἡγεῖσθαι καὶ εὑρεσιλογούντων πιθανότητας, λογιζόμενον δὲ τὴν παλαιὰν σοφίαν καὶ τὴν Ὁμήρου ὅση τις φρόνησις γέγονε καὶ πάσης ἀρετῆς ἀκρίβειαν μὴ ἀπογινώσκειν ὡς ἐν μυθαρίου πλάσματι εἰκόνας τῶν θειοτέρων ᾐνίσσετο. Οὐ γὰρ ἐνῆν ἐπιτυχῶς πλάσσειν ὅλην ὑπόθεσιν μὴ ἀπό τινων ἀληθῶν μεταποιοῦντα τὸ πλάσμα. Ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτου εἰς ἄλλην πραγματείαν ὑπερκείσθω τὸ σύγγραμμα, περὶ δὲ τοῦ ὑποκειμένου ἄντρου πέρας ἔχει τὰ τῆς ἑρμηνείας ἐνταῦθα.

     For it will not be simply, and in a concise way, possible for anyone to be liberated from this sensible life, who blinds this daemon, and renders his energies inefficacious; but he who dares to do this, will be pursued by the anger ²⁵ of the marine and material Gods, whom it is first requisite to appease by sacrifices, labours, and patient endurance; at one time, indeed, contending with the passions, and at another employing enchantments and deceptions, and by these, transforming himself in an all-various manner; in order that, being at length divested of the torn garments (by which his true person was concealed) he may recover the ruined empire of his soul. Nor will he even then be liberated from labours; but this will be effected when he has entirely passed over the raging sea, and, though still living, becomes so ignorant of marine and material works (through deep attention to intelligible concern) as to mistake an oar for a corn-van.

     It must not, however, be thought that interpretations of this kind are forced, and nothing more than the conjectures of ingenious men; but when we consider the great wisdom of antiquity and how much Homer excelled in intellectual prudence, and in an accurate knowledge of every virtue, it must not be denied that he has obscurely indicated the images of things of a more divine nature in the fiction of a fable. For it would not have been possible to devise the whole of this hypothesis unless the figment had been transferred (to an appropriate meaning) from certain established truths. But reserving the discussion of this for another treatise, we shall here finish our explanation of the present Cave of the Nymphs.